LISP/SCHEME/CLOJURE APL/K(1992) functional functional 1958 mccarthy mit 1957 iverson harvard artificial intelligence database/analytics dynamic typing dynamic typing REPL REPL lexical lexical atom list map atom list map sym char num bool sym char num datetime constant prepend constant append/get/set immutable immutable s-expression m-expression (f(g(h x y))) f g h[x;y] (also: noun verb adverb) compose recur curry compose (lambda(x)(+ 32(* 1.8 x))) {[x]32+1.8*x} (also: 32+ 1.8*) cons car , * setq cond : $ map reduce ' / + - * / < > = min max + - * % < > = & | length reverse member # | ? APL -> K evolution lambda 1973 cond 1973 operators 1979 map/reduce 1979 ascii(j&k) 1989 atom/list 1992 m-expressions 1992